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ILLINOIS 



GEOGRAPHICAL FOSITIOJ^.-ABEA. 

Illiiiois, one of the leading states in the Union in wealth and 
population, extends from latitude 36° 59' to 42° 30' north, and 
from longitude 87° 35' to 91° 40' west from Greenwich. 

The capital of the state is in about the same latitude as Phila- 
delphia. Denver, Madrid (Spain), Mount Olympus, Mount Ararat, 
Bokhara, and Pekin (China). 

The greatest length of the state from north to south is about 3Sn 
miles," and its greatest width about 215 miles. It contains an area 
of 56,()50 square miles, and its population in 1880 was 3,077,871. 



GEOLOGY. 

Geologry is the science which treats of the structure of the 
earth. l\y it we are enabled to determine the order in which the 
different strata, or layers of the earth's crust, were formed. 

All rock has been formed by the action either of fire or of 
water. That which has resulted from tlie action of fire is called 
Igneous Rock ; that due to the action of water is Aqueous Rock. 

It is believed that at a certain time in its histor}-, the earth 
was a globe of molten matter. When the surface of the globe 
had become sufiiciently cool, a crust wa.s formed ai'ound the eartii. 

This crust was the bed of the first ocean, and its outside is the 
line of dcmarkation between the igneous and llie aqueous rocks. 



»t\ I*HOFES86i{ H 




All below this line has been formed by the action of fire, and is 
unstratijitd ; all above, excejit what has been deposited by volcanic 
agency, has been formed by tlie action of water, and is stratified., 
but the stratification is indistinct in the oldest atpieous rocks. 

Sometimes the aqueous rocks are subjected to heat and other 
agencies, by which their original condition is changed ; such are 
termed jSIetamorpIiic Rocks. There are but few points in the state 
where the results of nietamorphic action have been ol)served; 
these are in the southern part. 

The accompanying: diagram shows tl;o {rcoloyical sysiiins kiiowm at 
present; it also sliovvs the systems whidi liavc thus far been fcmnil in 
Illinois. It will be seen by this that the igneous rock crops out nowhei-e 
in the st.itc ; neither does the Laiu-cntian nor Huronian system, both of 
which are composed of aqueous rocks. 



Section of tub Geolociical Systems Section op tbb Obolosical Systimb 


AT PKK9ENT KNOWN. nBCOOSIZED IN IlLIVOIS. 


Quatpniary. 




Qiiatcrnnry. | 


Teitiiiiv. 




Tcrtiarv. 


Cietacci)ii9. 






Jii lassie. 






Carboniferous. 


A(jrE0US ROCK. ^ 


CarbonifiTou.f. 


Devonian. 




Devonian. 


Silurian. 




Silurian. 


Iluronian. 






LnnrLMitiaii. 






IGNEOUS ROCK. 







- - ij t 



Copvhiobt, 1888, by D. APPLETON AN» co.MPANV. 



THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 



The Silurian formation is the lowest outcropping rock found in Illi- 
nois. St. Peter's sandstone belongs to this system. It forms the plateau 
of Starved Eock, and is found in several other localities. When free 
from coloring-matter it serves as an excellent material for the manu- 
facture of glass. Galena limestone, found in the northwestern part of 
the state, is also a Silurian deposit. It is of especial interest, as in it are 
rich deposits of lead and zinc. The Niagara limestone, so extensively 
quarried at Joliet, belongs to the Silurian system. It is of a grayish 
color, and is susceptible of quite a polish. Many of the principal build- 
ings in the state are built of "Joliet stone.'' 

The Devonian deposit is found outcropping along the Mississippi 
River, from Rock Island southward. 

The Carboniferous formation underlies the greater portion of the state. 
The lower part of the system is rich in limestone, which is used exten- 
sively for building purposes and for the manufacture of lime. The prin- 
cipal outcroppings are in the vicinity of Burlington, Wareaw, and Alton. 
The Coal-Measures are foiuid in the upper part of the Carboniferous Sys- 
tem. In the central and southern parts of the state they rest upon some 
one of the lower Carboniferous series, while in the northern part of the 
coal-field they i-est either upon Devonian or Silurian strata. Hence, 
when these formations are reached, the search for coal should cease. 

The Secondary rocks, formed in the Reptilian Age, and consisting of 
the Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Triassic systems, are not encountered out- 
erop])ing anywhere in Illinois ; and, as the systems above and below have 
been found, the absence of the former indicates that the surf;M?e of the 
state was elevated above the level of the ocean during the entire time 
they were forming in other parts of the countrj'. 

The Tertiary System has been identified in the sontliern 
part of the state only. Pulaski County offers the best ojipor- 
t unity for its study. 

The Quateriiai'j' System consists of accumulations of sand, 
clay, and gravel, which overlie the stratified rocks, and are known 
under the general name of drift. 

This drift varies from ten to two hundred feet in thickness. It is 
generally believed to have been brought from the northern part of the 
continent, in the Glacial Epoch, by great icebergs which floated in an 
inland sea covering a large part of the Mississippi Basin. As the icebergs 
moved southward into a warmer climate, they dropped the detrital mat- 
ter over the bottom of the inland sea, whose southern shore in Illinois 
was formed by the ridge of highlands which extends from Grand Tower 
on the Mississippi River to Shawneetown on the Ohio. This ridge forms 
the southern boundary of the drift. There are a few small areas in the 
northern part of the state in which the drift is not found. — (Consult 
"'Geological Surcey of Illinois,'" by A. H. Worthen.) 



SURFACE. 



The Surface of Illinois is generally level or slightly undu- 
lating. It slopes gently to the .*outh and west. A large portion 
of it consists of vast prairies, which are level or moderately rolling ; 
l)ut the surface along the courses of the streams is rough and 
broken, and in the northern and southern parts it may be termed 
hilly. Yet the highest elevations are so slight, wiien considered in 
connection with the extent of the state, that the surface as a whole 
may be regarded as level. 

The liighest lands are in the northern part of the state, between Free- 
port and Galena, where the surface culminates in mound-like elevations 
that reach a height of about 000 feet above the level of the river at Cairo, 
5.50 feet above Lake Michigan, and from 1,100 to 1,150 feet above sea-level. 

The surface descends gradually along the central line of the 
state to the valley of the Big Muddy River, where the elevation is 
only 50 or 60 feet above the level of Cairo. From the P>ig Muddy 
tlie .surface ri.ses rapidly, the state being crossed from Grand 
Tower to Shawneetown by a range of hills which reach an altitude 
of 500 or COO feet above the level of the river at Cairo. 



DRALYAGE. 

River-Systems. — Illiuois has, four systems of rivers: 1. 
Tho.^e flowing into the Mississippi ; 2. Those flowing into the 
Ohio ; 3. Those flowing into the AV abash ; 4. Those flowing into 
Lake Michigan. 

The first system comprises the Fevre, Rock, Illinois, Kaskaskia, 
and Big Muddy. Of these the most important are the Rock, Illi- 
uois, and Kaskaskia. 

Rock River is a beautiful stream that enters the state from Wiscon- 
sin. It flows southwest and joins the Mississippi about three miles be- 
low Rock Island City. Practically it is not a navigable stream, but it 
furnishes abundant water-power, which is used extensively by many of 
the enterprising cities on its banks. 

The Illinois River is the largest in the state. It is formed in Grundy 
County by the union of the Des Plaines River from Wisconsin and the 
Kankakee from Indiana. It flows a trifle south of west, until it reaches 
a point a little north of Hennepin. From this place its com-se is south- 
west to the Mississippi, which it enters about eighteen miles above Alton. 
By means of dams at Copperas Creek and Henry, it is rendered navi- 
gable in favorable sea.sons to Peru. In the upper part of its course it 
furnishes excellent water-power. The Illinois and Michigan Canal, of 
which Peni is the southern terminus, connects the river with lake navi- 
gation at Chicago. The principal tributaries of the Illinois are the 
Fox, Vermilion, Spoon, and Sangamon Rivers. 

Kaskaskia River, sometimes called the Okaw, owes its importance 
chiefly to the fact that the first permanent settlement in the state was 
made on its banks. It is not a navigable stream. 

The rivers that flow directly into the Ohio are all small and of 
little importance. The principal ones are the Cache and the Saline. 

The streams that flow into the Wabash are the Little Wabash, 
Embarras, and Big Vermilion, no one of which is navigable. 

The Chicago and Calumet Rivers drain tiie northeastern part of 
the state and flow into Lake Michigan. Both of these streams are 
small, but they are very important. The Chicago River is the most 
important river in the state, forming as it does the harbor of Chicago. 

Lakes. — Lake Michigan borders the state for alxmt sixty 
miles, affording facilities for an immense comineree. 

There are a few lakes in the northeastern part of Illinois, but 
they are all small. Peoria Lake is simply a widening of the Illi- 
nois River. 

CLIMATE.- SOIL. 

Climate. — Illinois extends through five and a half degrees of 
latitude, hence its climate varies considerably. The summers are 
hot in all parts of the state. The winters are long and severe in 
the northern part, cold in the central portions, and short and mild 
in the south. The climate throughout the state is subject to great 
extremes, sudden changes of 30° or 40° sometimes occurring within 
a few hours. 

The annual precijsitation, including rain and snow, is about thirty- 
six inches in the northern part of the state, and about forty-five inches 
in the southern part. 

Most of the rains are brought by the southwest winds which prevail 
in summer. North and northwest winds prevail in winter, and fre- 
quently sweep over the treeless prairies with great violence. 

Soil. — The soil of Illinois is of unecjualed fertility. In no 
other part of the world, perhaps, can so large an area of highly 
productive soil be found. The surface of nearly the entire state 
consists of a sti-atum of drift, formed by the decomposition of many 
varieties of rocks mingled together in one mass. Being enriched 
by so many minerals, tiie soil is fitted to nourisli a large variety of 
plants, and to produce them in great abundance. 



MINERALS. — LEADING I N I) U ST I! I ES. 



The soil of the prairies and bottom-lands is very rich, deep, and free 
from stones. That of the timbered portion is not so rich, but it is better 
adapted to tlie growth of wheat and fruits. 

Timber. — The natural forests are mostly in the south, al- 
though there is considerable woodland in the nortli ; the central 
part has but a few scattering " groves." The timber area is being 
increased from year to year by the planting of many thousands of 
trees. A recent act of the legislature establishing an " arbor-day" 
has emphasized the importance of this work. 

The prevailing kinds of trees are the oak, maple, black-walnut, elm, 
hickory, linilen, and ash. There are but few evergreens among the 
natural forest trees. 

MIJ^ERAL PRODUCTS. 

MiiieraLs. — Illinois has comparatively few minerals, but some 
of these are found in great abundance. 

Bituminous coal underlies about three-fourths of the state. It 
is found from the Ohio River to Sterling, and from tlie Mississippi 
to Indiana. It is mined in immense quantities, and forms the 
principal fuel of the treel&ss prairies. 

No anthracite coal has been found, but caimel-coal is some- 
times mixed with the bituminous in small quantities. 

Lead is next to coal in importance. The principal lead-mines 
are in the northwestern part of the state ; they have been worked 
continuously since 1825. Lead has also been found in Hardin and 
Massac Counties, along the Ohio River. 

Zinc is found in paying quantities in the lead-regions around Galena. 
Peat occurs in several parts of the state, but it is not used to any great 
extent. Building-stone is abundant, the quarries of Joliet, Lemont, 
Alton, and Chester, being famous all over the Northwest. Patterns clay 
and hydraulic limestone, or cement, are found in several parts of the 
state. Salt is made in considerable quantities in the southern part of 
the state, from the waters of salt-springs and artesian wells. Petroleum 
has been found in the southeastern part of the state, but there are no 
paying wells. Iron is also met with in the southeastern counties, but it 
is not e.xtensively worked at present. 



LEADIJfG IMDUSTBIES. 

Agriculture. — Illinois is pre-eminently an agricultural state. 
Its level surface, treeless plains, and rich soil, combine to make it 
the farmer's paradise. 



It was believed for a long time that the prairies could not be 
inhabited, owing to the absence of .fuel; but, since the discovery 
of coal, they have been settled very rapidly. It has further been 
demonstrated that it is more economical to buy coal than it is to 
keep a " timber-lot " and prepare the wood for use. 

The principal crop is corn, in the production of which, a.s well as of 
wheat and oats, Illinois is a leading state. 

Large quantities of barley, rye, flax, and potatoes, are also raised. 
Hay is one of the most valuable crops produced in the state, and tobacco 
is cultivated extensively in the southern portion. 

Fruit-growing is an important interest. A])ples are raised through- 
out the state, and peaches in the soulii. Berries abound in the central 
and southern parts, and find ready sale at remunerative prices. 

Much attention is given to the raising of stock. The state is un- 
equaled in the number and quality of its lioi-se-s and swine ; and horned 
cattle and .sheep form the wealth of many of tlie inhabitants. 

Dairying is carried on very extensively. The rich natural meadows 
of the state invite the dairyman to convert their nutritious grass&s into 
golden treasure. Elgin, on the Fox River, is the center of the dairy 
business in the Northwest. 

Manufactures. — This state excels every other state in the 
Union in the manufacture of farming-implements, packed pork, 
and malt and distilled licjuors. It is also largely engaged in the 
manufacture of machinery, railroad supplies and rollingstock, 
zinc, barbed wire, flour and mill products, carriages and wagons, 
planed and sawed lumber, furniture, paper, clothing, boots and 
shoes, watches, glass, starch, etc. The largest manufacturing 
interest in the state is that of the Pullman Palace-Car Company, 
at Pullman. The manufacture of drain-tile has of late become 
an important industry. 

Coniiuerce. — The connnercial facilities of Illinois are very 
superior. The Mississippi River on the west, and the Ohio on the 
south, give it a natural outlet to the North and West, and to the 
Gulf of Mexico ; while Lake Michigan, on the northeast, opens uj) 
a highway to the Atlantic. 

Illinois has more miles of railroad than any other stiite in the 
Union. This is largely due to its geographical position. It is situated 
directly in the great route of commerce, and at the point from which 
branch routes start out for the Northwest and Southwest. 

Perhaps nothing can show the commercial importance of its position 
better than the fact that twelve railroad-bridges span tlie Slississippi 
from this state. The chief exports are grain, packed pork, and live- 
stock. The leading imports are lumber, iron, and manufactured goods. 




I'm. I'li. I.MAN r.vi.AiK-i'Aii Works, I'i i,i.ma.\, Illinois. 



THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH. 

Inhabitants. — Illinois was settled by people from other 
parts of the United States. The southern counties were occupied 
by families from Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Xorth 
Carolina. The northern part was settled by emigrants from New 




Northwestern Uxitersitt, Etaxston, Illinois. 

York and New England. Each section of - 
the state still shows the leading characteris- 
tics of its first occupants. The early French 
settlers exerted but little influence on the cus- 
toms and usages of the state. 

The First Permanent Settlement 

Illinois was made at Kaska.*kia by French mission- j 

aries. The date of the settlement is not positively 

known, but it is believed to have been between 1680 

and 1690. Other settlements were soon established in 

the vicinity. The settlers were all French, and France retained 

possession of the state imtil 1763, when it was ceded to England. 

Illinois was a dependency of Canada up to 1711, although the actual 
government was in the hands of the missionaries. In 1711, it became a 
part of the province of Louisiana, whose capital was at Mobile. 

In 1717, tlie province of Louisiana came under the Company of the 
West, later known as the Company of the Indies, of which the famous 
John Law was the ruling spirit. His " Missi.ssippi Scheme " soon col- 
lapsed, the company surrendered its charter to the king, and Louisiana, 
including Illinois, was ruled by royal governors until the cession to the 
Engli.sh. 

The English controlled Illinois until 1778, when Patrick Henry, Gov- 
ernor of Virginia, ordered Lieutenant-Colonel George Rogers Clark to 
raise troops and capture Kaskaskia and the neighboring posts. Clark 
succeeded in carrying out his orders; Illinois passed from under the con- 
trol of England, and was formed into a county of Virginia. 

In 1787, Congress passed an ordinance for the government of 
the Northwest Territory — the name given to that part of the coun- 
try lying between Pennsylvania and the Mississippi, and extending 
from the Ohio River to the Briti.sh possessions on the north. Parts 
of this vast domain had been claimed by several of the tliirteen 
original colonies, hut, previous to the passage of the ordinance, all 
had reliufpiished their claims in favor of the nation at large. 

The Capital of the Northwest Territory was fixed at 
Marietta, and General St. Clair was made the first governor. Tlie 
capital was afterward removed to Cincinnati, at which place the 
first territorial legislature met, September 16, 1790. 



In 1800, the Northwest Territory was divided, and the territory form- 
ing at present the states of Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, and nearly 
all of Indiana, was organized as the Territory of Indiana, with Vin- 
cennes as fts capital. William Henry Harrison was appointed gov- 
ernor. 

On February 3, 1809, the present states of Illinois and Wisconsin 
were separated from Indiana, and organized as the Territory of Illinois. 
Kaskaskia was made the capital, and NLnian Edwards appointed gov- 
ernor. 

The present boundaries were established in 1818, when Illinois was 
admitted into the Union as a sovereign state. Shadrach Bond was 
elected the first governor, and the seat of government was removed to 
Vandalia, where it remained until 1837. It was then located at Spring- 
field. 

The history of Illinois, since its admission into the Union, is famil- 
iar to all of its people. Its bold stand for free- 
dom in the " twenties," its loyalty to the 
Union, its high rank in wealth and edu- 
cation, are facts of which its citizens 
may justly be proud. 



PUBLIC EDUCATIOJ^. 

Free Schools. — The con- 
stitution of the state de- 
clares that " the General 
Assembly shall provide a 
thorougli and efficient sys- 
tem of free schools, where- 
by all children of this t-'.i 
may receive a good comi ' , 
school education." The (■ 
eral Assembly has done its d 
in the matter by amply jjrovid 
for the maintenance of a system of free 
public education that will compare favor- 
ably with that of any other state. 

The state superintendent is at the head of the system. He is elected 
for four years. 

There is a county superintendent in charge of the schools of each 
county. In addition to his other duties, he licenses teachers, conducts 
teachei-s' institutes, and visits every school in his county at least once a 
year. He is to spend half of the time given to his office in visiting un- 
graded schools. He is elected for four yeai-s. 

The school township coincides with the congressional township. In 
each school township there are three school trustees elected. They serve 
three years, one being elected each year. In each school township there 
are several school districts. Each district elects three school directoi-s to 
serve for three years, one being elected each year. The directors are the 
active managers of the schools. 

Normal Schools. — Connected with the school system are 
two state nonnal schools, one at Normal, the other at Carbondalc. 
Both are doing eflicient work. Cook County maintains a county 
normal school. 

The University of Illinois, situated at Cliampaign, contains schools of 
agriculture, horticulture, engineering, natural science, and literature. 

There are several colleges and iniiversities under denominational con- 
trol. They have been the pioneei-s in higher education, and ai'e still 
doing excellent work. 

The State Institutions comprise the University of Illinois, 
at Chnmpaign; the Illinois State Normal Univeisity, at Normal ; 
the Southern lUinois Normal University, at Carbondale ; the 
Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, at Quincy; the Soldiers' Orphans' 




State Normal University, Normal, Illinois. 




THC DOUGLAS MONUMENT. 



Scenes in and aboct fniCAGO. 



Home, at Normal ; tlie Asylum for Feeble-minded Children, at 

Lincoln ; the Illinois Industrial School for the Blind, at Chicago ; 
Itlie Eye and Ear Intirmarv, at Chicago ; the Illinois State Insane 

iVsylum, at Jacksonville ; the Southern Insane Asylum, at Anna ; 

*^s Eastern Insane Asylum, at Kankakee ; the Northern Insane 
I ylum, at Elgin ; the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jack- 
' ivilie ; the Institution for the Blind, at Jacksonvnllo ; tiie Illinois 
\ 'i-'.te Penitentiary, at Joliet ; the Southern Illinois Penitentiary, 
iat Chester ; the State Reform School for Boys, at Pontiac. 

Religion. — The state encourages religion by protecting all 
men in the free exercise thereof, and by exempting from taxation 
all church property. But no public money can be appropriated 
for the aid or support of any church or sectarian school. 



POLITICAL ORGAjYIZATIOM. 

Government. — Tlie government of Illinois is divided into 
three departments — Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. 

The General AssemlJy constitutes the legislative department. 
It consists of a senate and a house of representatives. 

The state is divided into tifty-one senatorial districts, each of 
wiiich elects a senator for a term of four years, and three represent- 
atives for a term of two years. 

Each voter has a right to cast three votes for rejjresentative. 
He may cast them for one, two. or three candidates. This feature 
is peculiar to the constitution of Illinois. It is called the "minority 
representation plan," because it makes it possible for the minority 
in each senatorial district to elect one representative. The regular 
sessions of the General ^\ssembly are biennial. 

The executive department consists of tlie governor, lieutenant-gov- 
ernor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor of public accounts, attorney- 
general, and superintendent of public instruction. They are all elected 
for four yeai-s, except the trea-surer, who is elected for two years, and is 
not eligible for re-election until two years after his term ha.s e.vpired. 

The judicial powers are vested in a supreme court, appellate courts, 
circuit courts, county courts, justices of the peace, ))olice magistrates, and 
in such courts as may be created by law for cities and incorporated towns. 



Political Divisions. — The state is divided into twenty con- 
gressional districts, and into 102 counties. McLean County is the 
largest. It has an area of 1,17'2 square miles, and thus contains 
more land than the entire state of Rhode Island (land-area, 1,(>85 
square miles). 

PRIJfCIPAL CITIES. 

Springfield, the county-seat of Sangamon Comity (popula- 
tion, 33,000), is the capital of the state. It is situated on a beau- 
tiful prairie, four miles south of the Sangamon River. The lead- 
ing manufactures are carriages, wagons, castings, harness and 
saddlery, doors and blinds, machinery, flotir, watches, pulp, and 
paper. Coal-mining is also an important industry. Tb.e city is 
reached by seven lines of railroads, which enable it to carry on 
trade with the surrounding towns. The Capitol building is an 
imposing structure, and a credit to the state (see page i). Other 
noteworthy buildings are the United States court-house, custom- 
house, and post-office, the county court-house, the arsenal, the 
high-school, several banks, and a number of commodious hotels. 
The Lincoln monument, located in Oak Ridge Cemetery, is an 
object of much interest, and was erected at a cost, of over 
$200,000. Springfield contains thirty churches; and from the 
beauty of its streets and suburbs it has been called "the Flower 
City." 

Chicago, the metropolis of the West, is situated in the north- 
eastern part of Illinois, on Lake Michigan. Dearborn observatory 
is in latitude 41° .■>o' 1" north, and in longitude S7° 37' west from 
Greenwich. The city extends along the lake about ten miles, and 
west live miles. It covers an area of about forty square miles, and 
has a population estimated at 8.")0,000. 

Chicago River and its branches divide the city into three parts, 
known as the " North Side," " South Side," and " "West Side." 
Commmiieation between the different )>arts of the city is kejit up 
by means of thirty-six swing-bridges and two tunnels. The AVasli- 
ington Street tunnel connects the AVest with the South Side, and 
the La Salle Street tunnel coimects the North with the South Side. 



THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 




The river was naturally a shallow and sluggish stream. It has heen 
so deepened and widened that it admits the largest class of lake-vessels 
into the heart of the city. It forms the principal harbor of Chicago, and 

with its branches affords the city 
a water frontage of about forty 
miles, exclusive of the lake har- 
bor. It has been deepened so 
much that the water flows from 
tlie lake into tlie river and through 
the South Branch into the Illi- 
nois and Michigan Canal, which 
connects the city with Peru. This 
canal carries oif much of the sew- 
age of Chicago, to the great an- 
7ioyance of the towns through 
which it passes. 

The city is supplied with an 

abundance of water from Lake 

Micliigan by means of tunnels 

that extend out under the lake two miles. The authorities are now 

constructing a tunnel that will reach out five miles from the shore, so 

that the water-supply may be pure. 

There are over 1.000 miles of streets, which are regulai'ly laid out and 
cross each other at right angles. The public parks are many and beauti- 
ful. The larger ones are situated on the outskirts of the city, and are con- 
nected by a system of boulevards which surpass those of any other city 
on the continent. The flr.st railroad out of Chicago was opened in 1848, 
and the fii-st through train from the East entered the city in 1852. Now, 
about forty roads meet in the city, making it the greatest railroad cen- 
ter in the world. As many as 650 trains arrive daily, and about the 
same number depart. 

Chicago is one of the greatest manufacturing centers of the 
world; about one tenth of -the population are engaged in manu- 
factures. It has several establishments that employ over 4,000 
jicrsons each, and many that employ over 1,000. The princii)al 
manufactures are iron, farming-implements, flour, distilled liquore, 
pork and meats, leather, boots and shoes. 

This city is second only to Kew York in the amount of busi- 
ness transacted annually, and it is the gi-eatest lumber, live-stock, 
and grain market in the world. Its grain-elevators have a capacity 
of from 300,000 to 1,800,000 bushels each. The center of the 
trade in live-stock is at the Union Stock- Yards, which are situated 
in the southwestern part of the city, about si.x miles from the 
Court-IIouse. The yards cover 345 acres, and have a capacity for 
18'.t,000 animals. The packing-houses are located near the stock- 
yards. The pork-packing interest is the most important. The 
united capacity of all the houses engaged in the business is 75,000 
hogs per day. 

In October, 1871, Chicago was the scene of one of the greatest fires of 
modern tifties. The business portion of the South Side, and nearly all 
of the North Side, were desti-oyed. The area burned over, including the 
streets, was nearly three and a thii-d square miles. The number of build- 
ings destroyed was 17,450 ; iiersons rendered homeless, 98,500 ; persons 
killed, about 200 ; lo.ss of ])r()perty, $190,000,000. 

The towns of Lake and Hyde Park, south of tlie city, and that of 
Lake View on the north, contain most of the imiwrtant suburbs of Chi- 
cago, and all are practically parts of it. 

EvANSToN (population about 9,000), situated ten miles north of 
Chicago, on Lake Michigan, is the seat of the Northwestern l%i- 
versity. It has also a township high-school, and a government 
life-saving station is located here. 

PuLLM.VN is on the northwestern margin of Lake ('alumet, 
twelve miles south of Chicago. The Pullman Palace-Car "Works 
are located here. They give employment to 5,000 j^ersons, who 
are engaged in mauufacturiiig all kinds of railway-cars. 



country. The chief exports are manufactured products, grain, live- 



f 



Peoria (population, 45,000), the second city of Illinois in 
wealth and population, is situated on the west bank of the Illinois 
River, at the foot of Peoria Lake. The manufacturing interests of 
the city are very importaiit. Its distilleries are cajxible of con- 
suming 35,000 bushels of grain daily. Large quantities of corn 
are also used iu the manufacture of glucose and starch. 

Farming-implements, carriages, .stoves, castings, and machinery, 
are manufactured on a large scale. There are several saw- and 
planing-mills, flouring -mills, furniture - factories, and potteries; 
there are also valuable chemical works. The city has excellent 
commercial facilities. It has river communication with the South, 
and also water connection with Chicago by means of the Illinois 
and Michigan Canal. Most of its commerce, however, is carried 
on through twelve railroads, which connect it wath all parts of the 
country. The 
stock, and ice. 

Peoria is well paved, ligiited with gas and electricity, and has 
several lines of street-railways. It has a tine public library of 
27,000 volumes and a law library of 4,000 volumes. There are 
eight daily newspapers, ten weeklies, and three monthlies, and the 
people are invited to worship by forty-four churches. 

QuiNCY (population, 35,000), the county-seat of Adams County, 
lies iu the western part of the state. It is beautifully situated on 
the Mississippi Kiver, on a range of bluffs from 150 to 200 feet in 
elevation. The city is an important manufacturing center. It has 
seven foundries, four breweries, and si.x flouring-mills. Great 
quantities of bricks and lime are made, and in the mamifacture of 
tobacco it ranks among the first cities in the West. Other leading 
manufactures are farming-implements, furniture, carriages, wagons, 
leather, and pa])er. The Mississippi furnishes water communii^-r — 
tion with a large part of the country, and the commercial interests 
of the city are further advanced by six lines of railroads. The 
State Soldiers' and Sailors' Home is located at Quincy. 

BLooMraoTON (population, 23,000) is an important railroad cen- / 
ter and the county-seat of the largest county in the state. It is 
surrounded by a rich farming country, who.se products are brought 
to its markets. Coal is found in abundance, and mining forms one 
of the leading industries. There are several important factories 
established at Bloomington. Flour, furniture, plows, doors and 
blinds, machinery, and soap, are the chief manufactured jjroducts. 
The general shops of the Chicago and Alton Eailroad are located 
here, and furnish employment to a lai'ge number of skilled labor- 
ers. Bloomington is a clean, well-paved, and well-lighted city, and 
has the best water-supply in the state. 

JoLiET (population, 22,000), the county-seat of Will County, is 
on the Des Plaines River, in the northeastern part of the state. 
The Illinois and Michigan Canal psisses through the city, giving it 
water communication with Chicago and with the Mississippi River. 
The Joliet Steel Company's Works, claimed to be the largest in 
the United States, are located here. There are several barbed- 
wire factories, check-rower and corn-]ilanter factories, flouring-miils, 
foundries, and machine-shops. The great industry of Joliet, how- 
ever, is the quarrying of building-stone, which furnishes employ- 
ment to a large number of men. 

The city has si.x lines of railroads. It is substantially built, all 
of the public buildings and many of the residences being con- 
structed of stone. The streets are well paved and lighted with 
electricity. The Illinois State Penitentiary is located here. 

RocKFoKD (])opulation, 20,000) is jJeasantly situated on the 
Rock River. It is the county-seat of Winnebago County, and the 



P R I N (M P A L CITIES. 



principal inarket-towii of a large area of very fertile fariiiiiig-land, 
whose proiluctioiis it receives by means of several well-equipped 
lines of railroads. Kockford is pre-eminently a manufacturing 
city. Rock liiver furnishes ahundaiice of water-power, which is 
utilized in manufacturing farming-implements, paper, flour, fur- 
niture, l)olts and nuts, watciies. silver-plated ware, and several other 
articles. 

AuKOKA (population, 18, .500) is on the Fox Kiver, thirty-eight 
miles west of Chicago, at the intersection of seven railroads. The 
chief manufacturing establishments are flour and woolen mills, ma- 
chine-works, sash and blind factories, cotton and corset factories, 
breweries, smelting and refining works, a watch-factory, etc. The 
car and rejjair shops of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Rail- 
road and the repair-shops of the Chicago and Iowa Railroad, are 
situated here. 

Bellevim.e (iwpuiation, 18,000), the county-seat of St. Clair 
County, is situated tifteeu miles s iutheast of St. Louis, in the coal 
region of the state. The surrounding country is very fertile and 
in a high state of cultivation, producing large crops of wheat and 
corn, which have i)uilt up extensive flouriug-mills in the city and 
neighboring towns. Large nail-mills, steel- works, smelting-works, 
and factories of agricultural implements, are the principal indus- 
trial establishments. 

Decatur (population, ir),000) is the county -seat of Macon 
County. It is situated near the center of the state, on the North 
Fork of the Sangamon River. Underlying the city are rich veins 
of coal, which furnish an inexhaustible supply of fuel for its nu- 
merous factories. The leading mauTifaetures are farming-imple- 
ments, flour, furniture, and burial-caskets. Seven lines of railroads 
tjffer facilities for commerce. It is claimed that more trains pass 
through here daily than through any other city of the state, ex- 
cept Chicago and East St. Louis. 

Elgin (population, 16,000), a prosperous manufacturing city, is 
situated on the Fox River. It has the largest watch-factory in the 
United States; also pork-packing establishments, condensing estab- 
lishments, iron-foimdries, flouring-mills, carriage and wagon works, 
machine-shops, and soap-factories. The city is the center of the 
greatest dairying region in the country. The Illinois Northern In- 
sane Asylum is located at Elgin. 

East St. Louis (population, 15,000), an important commercial 
city, is on the east bank of the Mississippi River, opposite St. Louis, 
with which it is connected by bridge and ferries. It is the termi- 
nus of thirteen raih'oads, several of which have their repair-shops 
here. The largest stock-yards in the country are located one mile 
from the city. 

Stkeaton (population, l.">,000), on the Vermilion River, is the 
center of very extensive coal-flelds. Large (juantities of soft coal 
are shipped from here. The most important manufactures are flour, 
machinery, brick and drain-tile, ditching-machines, and bottles. 

Galesbueg (]iopulation, 14,000), the county -seat of Knox 
County, is an important educational center. Its public schools are 
very etflcient. St. Joseph's Academy, Knox College, and Lom- 
bard University, all of which are locateil here, attract to their halls 
hundreds of young men and women wiio are seeking a higher 
education. 

Danville (population, 14,000), an important railroad center, is 
in the eastern part of the state. It is the county-seat of Vermilion 
County, and is pleasantly situated on the Big Vermilion River. Its 
abundance of fuel enables it to engage extensively in manufactures. 

Rock Island (^population, 13,000) is located at the foot of the 



upper rapids, on tiie south ])ank of tlie Mississippi, as the river at 
this point flows directly west. It has Ave important railroad lines, 
three street-car lines, a substantial wholesale trade, and varied 
manufacturing interests, of which hmdjer, jjIows, stoves, glass, and 
carriages, are the chief. 

Caieo (population, 12,000), the most southern city in the state, 
is situated at the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. It 
is entered by seven lines of railroads, which, with the rivers, give it 




ViriNiTT OF Cairo. 

unsurpassed facilities for commerce. The National (Tovernment 
has established a custom-house and marine hospital here. The 
Illinois Central Railroad Company has built a steel bridge across 
the Ohio at this point. 

Jacksonville (population, 12,000) is the county-seat of Mor- 
gan County, and an important educational center. It is the seat of 
the Illinois College and Illinois Female College. Here also are 
located state institutions for the blind, deaf and dumb, and insane. 

MoLiNE is on the Mississippi, a few miles above Rock Island, 
with which it is connected by a street-railway. It is an important 
manufacturing center, the chief articles manufactured being farm- 
ing-implements, carriages and wagons, paper, and lumber. 

Freeport, the county-seat of Stephenson County, is on the 
Pecatonica River, in the northern part of the state. Its leading 
manufactures are buggies, windmills, pumps, and machinery. 

Ottawa is at the junction of the Illinois and Fox Rivei-s, in 
the center of La Salle County, of which it is the county-seat. It 
has several lines of railroads, which, with the Illinois and Michigan 
Canal, make it an important shipping-point. One of the chief in- 
dustries is the manufacture of fl re-proof building-tile from the ex- 
tensive beds of flreclay in the vicinity. It is al.-o largely engaged 
in the manufacture of organs. The supreme and appellate courts 
meet here, and there is an excellent to\vn.ship high-school. 

Galena, the county-seat of Jo Daviess County, is on tiie 
Galena or Fevre River, about four miles from its union with the 
Mississippi. It is in the midst of the lead and zinc regions of the 
Northwest, and surrounded by a good farming country. The city 
has breweries, foundries, lead-smelting works, woolen, flour, and 
])laning mills, |)otteries, and shoe and furniture factories. 

Kankakee is pleasantly situated on the Kankakee River. It 
is becoming (piite noted as a summer resort. Small steamei's ])ly 
regularly between the city and the beautiful picnic-grounds up the 
river. Kankakee is clean, well drained, lighted by gas and elec- 
tricity, and is the county-seat of Kankakee County. It has a 
number of .'•cliools and churches, and a well-assorted jiublic library. 
There are several prosjK-rous num uf act u ring establishments. Kan- 
kakee is the seat of the Illinois Eastern liKsine Asylunu 



THE STATE Of ILLINOIS. 



Champaign is the chief market 
town of a rich farming countrv. 
It is well supplied with railroads, 
bv means of which it ships large 
quantities of grain and live-stock. 
The University of Illinois is 
located here. 

MoxMonxn, the county -seat of 
Warren County, is actively en- 
gaged in the shipment of farm 
produce, for which it has excel- 
lent railroad facilities. The cliief 
manufactures are plows and earth- 
en-ware. The city prides itself 
on its educational advantages. It 
supports a good system of public 
schools, a public library, and sev- 
eral elegant churches: it is also r-m nur.N Ii.li.mh.-^ Skkha 
the seat of Monmouth College. 

Cantox, a flourishing manufactui-ing town, is situated in the 
northeast corner of Fulton County. There are now in operation 
brick and tile-factories, farming-implement works, flouring-niills, 
foundries, machine-shops, a bi-ewery, and several cigar-factories. 
There are valuable coal-mines in the vicinity ; and coal, grain, 
live-stock, brick, and tile, are exported. 

Macomb, the county-seat of McDonough County, is located on 
the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad. Potter's clay of 
the best quality is found in the vicinity, and there are three pot- 




teries, which are doing a flourish- 
ing business. There are also 
machine - shops, foundries, and 
flouring-mills. 

Normal is pleasantly situated 
at the crossing of the Illinois 
Central and Chicago and Alton 
Railroads. It is in the center of 
McLean County, two miles north 
of Blooinington, with which it 
is connected by street-railway. 
This beautiful little city is known 
throughout the state as the seat 
of the Illinois State Xorinal Uni- 
\ ei-sity and the Soldiers' Orphans' 
Home. It lias a good system 
of schools, and supports nine 
churches. Normal is the princi- 
pal market in the state for the 
sale of imported horses; it is also an imjjortant point for the ship- 
ment of nursery-stock and berries. 

Effingham is the county-seat of Effingham County, £md an 
important railroad center. It is the principal market for the 
surrounding country, and ships large quantities of grain, live- 
stock, poultry, hay, and flour. The city has several manufactur- 
ing enterprises, all of which are in a flourishing condition. 

Carbondale, in Jackson County, on the Illinois Central Rail- 
road, is the seat of the Southern Illinois Normal Universitv 



L MTERSiTT, Carbondale. 



TABLE SHOWING THE GROWTH IN POPULATION OF THE COUNTIES OF ILLINOIS, 1800-1880 
FROM PART I., TENTH CENSCS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Adams 59.135 

Alexander 14,808 

Bond 14,866 

Bnone I1..t08 

Brown 13.041 

Bureau .33,172 

Calhoun 7,46" 

Carroll 16,976 

Cass 14,49.-5 

Champaign i 40,863 

Christian 28.827 

Clark 1 21,894 

I Clay I 16.192 

I Clinton I 18,714 

Coles ' 27.042 

, Cook ' 1107,524 

Crawford 16.197 

i Cumberland 1.3,759 

I Oe Kalb I 26,768 

DeWilU I 17.010 

Dooglae l.vsw 

DuPage., 19.161 

Edgar 2.i.4!i9 

Edwards 8.597 

EtHniihani 18,920 

Kavclte 2.t,24l 

■ Ford 1.5,099 

I Fnnkltn 16,129 

Fnllen 41.34U 

Gallatin 12,8«it 

Greene ; 2.3.010 

Grundy 16.732 

I Ilauiilton 16,712 

' Hancock i ,35,a37 

Hardin 1 6.024 

Henderson \ 10.722 

lli'urv I 86..597 

Ironiiois 3.5. 451 

•laikMMi . 22,.505 

.I:i-jii-r, .. , U.Sl.'. 

Jrir.Tnin 30,6SM 

.lerwv 15,542 

.lo Diivicss 27,,528 

.lolinson I 1.3.078 

Kane 44.)l.39 

Kankakee 25.047 

Kenilnll 1.3,08:) 

Kiiox 38.:M4 

Ijiki- : 21,29<) 

l-tt.Suile 1 70,403 

Lawrence I 13,668 

Use «7,491 



1870. I860. 



56,362 
10,564 
13,152 
12,942 
12.205 
32,415 
«.o«2 
16.703 
IL.'iSO 
32,7.37 
20.363 
18.719 
1.5.875 
16.283 
2.5.2:i5 
349,966 
13.889 
12,223 
23,263 
14.768 
13.484 
16,683 
21.4.30 

7,565 
15.6.53 
19,638 

9,lft3 
12,6.52 
38,291 
ll,l:)4 
20,277 
14,938 
13,014 
.33,935 

.5,113 
12,582 
3,5„'i06 
2.5.782 
19,634 
11.2:i4 
17.864 
15.054 
27,820 
11,248 
,39,091 
24.3.52 
12.39!) 
.39,.52a 
21,014 
60,792 
12,533 
27,171 



9,815 
11.678 

9.9:38 
26.426 

.5,144 
11,7:13 
11,:J25 
14.629 
10,492 
14,987 

9.3.36 
10,941 
14.203 
144,954 
11, .551 

8,311 
19,086 
10,820 

7,140 



5,4.54 
7.816 

11,189 
1.979 
9,:J93 

a3,.3.38 
8,0.55 

16,093 

10,,379 
9,915 

29,061 



3.1 

9,501 
30,660 
12,825 

9„589 

8.361 
12,965 
12,051 
27.325 

9.312 
,30,062 
1.5.412 
13.074 
28.663 
1 8.2,57 
48,3.32 

9,214 
17,651 



26,508 
2,4&4 
6,144 
7,624 
7,198 
8,841 
3,231 
4.586 
7.2.53 
2,649 
.3.203 
9,5.32 
4,289 
5,1.39 
9,3;i5 

43,883 
7,1.35 
3,718 
7,.540 
5.002 

9',296 
10,6!I2 
3,524 
3,799 
8,075 



22,508 
5,448 

12,429 
3,03.3 
6.362 

14.6.52 
2.887 
4,612 
3,807 
4,149 
5,862 
3.220 
8.109 
7.:i54 

18,601 
4.114 

16.703 

' 7',7:« 
13,279 
14,226 
17,815 
6,121 
S,S92 



1640. I 1880. 18S0. 1810. 



14,476 ; 
3,313 ' 
5,060 ' 
1,703 i 
4.18:) 
3,067 
1,741 
1,08:) ' 
2,981 I 
1.475 
1,878 ' 
7,453 I 
3.228 
8,718 
9,016 

10,201 
4,422 

1,697 
3,1M7 

3,5.35 
8.ffl5 
3,070 
1.675 
6,328 

3,682 
1.3,142 
10,760 
11,931 

' .3,94.5 
9,946 
1,378 



1,472 
5,762 I 
4,.'>35 1 
6,180 t 
3,626 
6,501 ' 



2.180 
1.390 
3,124 


"626 
2,931 


him 




3,946 

753 

2,330 


1 



4,083 
1,841 I 
7,405 I 
7,674 



1,828 
2^555 



7,060 


"274 '.'.'.'.'.'. 


2.0,34 




9,.348 




7,092 


8,668 


2,035 





1880. 1870. 1880. 



Livingston .38,450 31,471 

Logan 23.037 23.053 

McDonough .... 27.970 2ti..509 

McHenry 24,908 23,762 

McLean 60,100 5-3,988 

Macon 30,663 26.481 

Macoupin 37,692 :j2,726 

Madison .50.126 44.131 

Marion 23,686 20.622 

Marshall 13.055 16.9.36 

Mason 16.242 16, IM 

Massac 10,443 , 9,381 

Menard 1.3,021 11.715 

Mercer , 19..502 18,769 

Monroe ! 13,682 12.982 

Montgomery 28,078 2,5,814 

Morgan 31 .514 28,463 

Moultrie 13,699 10,:)85 

Ogle 29,937 I 27.492 

Peoria ' 55,;)53 47..510 



Perry 

Piatt 

Pike 

Pope 

Pulaski 

Putnam 

Randolph... 

Richland 

Rock Island 
Saint Clair.. 

Saline i 15.1H0 

Sangamon I 52,894 

Schuyler 16,249 

Scott I 10,741 

Shelby i 30.270 

Stark 11,207 



13,256 
9„507 
5,.5.54 
25,69(1 
1.5.515 
:)8.:)02 
61.806 



Stephenson . . 

Tazewell 

Union 

Vermilion. . . 
Wabash.... . 
Warren .. .. 
Washington . 

Wayne 

White 

Wbitealde . . . 

Will 

Williamson . . 
Winnebago. . 
Woodford . . . 



31,963 
29,66t! 
iai02 
41, .588 
9,915 
22,9.3;) 
21.112 
21.291 
23.087 
30.885 
.'),3.422 
19.324 
.•)0..505 
21.620 



13,723 
10,95:) 
.30,768 
11,437 
8,752 
6,280 I 
20,859 1 
12,803 
29.783 
3 1.0(58 
12.714 
46,:i52 
17,419 
10,,V30 
2,5,476 
10.731 
80.608 
27.903 
16.318 
.30..3H8 
8.841 
2.3.174 
17.599 
19,7.58 
16,816 
27.,503 
43,013 
17,.329 
29,301 
18.956 



18S0. 1840. 18S0. 18S0. 1810. 1800. 



11.637 
14,272 
20.069 
22,089 
28.772 
13,738 
24,602 
31,251 
12,739 
13.4:)7 
10,931 
6,213 
9,584 
15,042 
12,832 
i:),979 
22,112 
6,:)83 
22.888 
36.001 
9.552 
6,127 
27.249 
6.742 
3,943 
,5,587 
17,205 
9,711 I 
21.003 
37.694 
9.331 
32,274 
14,684 
9,069 
14,613 
9,004 
25,112 
21.470 
11,181 
19.800 
7.313 
18.:).36 
13.731 
12.22:) 
12,403 
18,7.37 
29,321 
12.2H5 
24.491 
13.282 



1,552 
5,128 
7,616 

14,978 

10,163 
3,988 

1S,.355 

20,441 
6,720 
5,180 
5,921 
4,092 
6,»»9 
5,346 
7,679 
6,377 

10,064 
3,234 

10,020 

17.547 
5.278 
1,606 

18.819 
3,975 
2,266 
3,9*1 

11,079 
4,012 
6,937 

30,180 

19!328 
10„573 
7,914 
7,807 
3,710 



11.492 
4.690 I 
8,176 
6,953 
6,823 
8.923 
5.361 

16.703 



r.216 



3.333 
5,308 
2,578 
6,365 



14,433 
4,<42 
1,»49 



4,181 
4,490 
19,547 



14,710 
6,972 
6,215 
0,659 
1,573 
2,800 
7,221 
5,534 
9,303 
4,240 
6,7,39 
4,810 
.5,133 
7,919 
2,514 
10.167 
4,457 
4,609 



i,i23 




1.990 




6.331 


13.5S0 


2,125 




" '28 




3,000 


1,516 


3.953 




13,714 




1,215 




3,396 




3,310 


3,610 


' i.m 




4,439 


3,492 


-.OIB 


6,m 


13.960 




3.960 




2;»72 




' 4,716 




3,239 


3,363 


' 5.830 




2.710 




.308 




1.B75 


1.517 


2.553 


1,114 


1 6.091 


4,888 



Total :),077,871 2„539,89l[l,711,951^ 861,47o| 47«,188| 157,445| 5S,162| 12,282J 2,466 ^ 



Organized as a territory, February 8, 1809. Admitted as a state, December 3, 1818. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



014 752 066 9 




